Pre-narrative communication, encompassing vocalizations, gestures, and doubtlessly early symbolic varieties, represents a vital stage in human growth. Think about the communicative acts of early hominids, conveying fundamental wants and feelings by way of non-verbal cues. These pre-linguistic expressions laid the groundwork for the advanced languages we use in the present day. Contemplate, for instance, the potential position of rhythmic chanting or patterned hand actions in coordinating group actions or expressing shared emotional states.
This foundational layer of communication facilitated social cohesion and information transmission inside early human teams. Whereas missing the structured narratives of later language, these types of expression performed a significant position in survival, cooperation, and the gradual growth of summary thought. Understanding these early communicative practices supplies important context for the emergence of storytelling and recorded historical past. They provide insights into the basic human drive to attach, share experiences, and make sense of the world.
Exploring the transition from these rudimentary types of expression to extra advanced programs of language and narrative opens up a captivating window into the evolution of human consciousness and tradition. The next sections will delve deeper into particular facets of this transition, inspecting the event of symbolic thought, the emergence of oral traditions, and the eventual rise of written language.
1. Gestures
Gestures seemingly constituted a major factor of pre-narrative communication. Earlier than the event of advanced spoken language, bodily actions and expressions served as essential instruments for conveying which means. Contemplate the pointing gesture, used to direct consideration or point out a desired object. Such actions signify a basic type of communication, able to transmitting fundamental info and facilitating coordinated exercise. The communicative energy of gestures is clear within the habits of non-human primates, suggesting a deep evolutionary historical past. Chimpanzees, as an illustration, make the most of a wide range of gestures for social interplay and signaling.
The reliance on gestures in early human communication might have performed a vital position within the growth of symbolic thought. The act of associating a particular gesture with a selected which means represents a basic step in direction of summary illustration. This capability for symbolic illustration, in flip, laid the groundwork for the emergence of extra advanced language. Observing the event of signing programs in deaf communities supplies a compelling modern instance of how gestures can evolve into extremely nuanced and expressive types of communication.
Understanding the position of gestures in pre-narrative communication supplies invaluable insights into the evolutionary trajectory of language. Whereas the precise varieties and meanings of those early gestures stay largely speculative, their basic significance in facilitating social interplay and conveying which means is plain. Additional analysis into the gestural communication of non-human primates and the event of signal languages might shed further gentle on the essential transition from gesture to spoken phrase.
2. Vocalizations
Vocalizations signify a important bridge between pre-linguistic expression and the structured articulation of language. Inspecting the nuances of non-verbal vocal communication provides essential insights into the event of symbolic thought and the eventual emergence of spoken language. These early sounds, whereas missing the precise semantic content material of phrases, conveyed important details about emotional states, environmental consciousness, and social dynamics inside early hominid teams.
-
Emotional Cues
Vocalizations served as a major technique of expressing emotional states earlier than the event of advanced language. Cries of alarm, for instance, may sign imminent hazard to the group, whereas softer cooing sounds may need performed a job in nurturing and bonding. The universality of sure emotional vocalizations throughout cultures suggests a deep-seated evolutionary foundation for this type of communication.
-
Social Signaling
Vocalizations additionally performed a vital position in establishing and sustaining social hierarchies inside early hominid teams. Dominance shows, territorial protection, and mating rituals seemingly included distinct vocalizations to sign intent and standing. These pre-linguistic vocal cues facilitated social cohesion and cooperation inside the group.
-
Environmental Consciousness
Vocalizations served as a important software for conveying details about the encompassing atmosphere. Alarm calls particular to sure predators, for instance, may present invaluable info and improve survival charges. The flexibility to speak in regards to the atmosphere by way of vocalizations represents a major cognitive leap and contributed to the event of extra advanced communicative methods.
-
Proto-Language
The event of more and more nuanced and differentiated vocalizations might have laid the groundwork for the eventual emergence of proto-language. Variations in pitch, tone, and rhythm may convey more and more advanced meanings, steadily transitioning from purely emotional expressions to extra symbolic representations. This technique of vocal refinement finally paved the way in which for the structured articulation of phrases and sentences.
The research of vocalizations in non-human primates supplies invaluable insights into the potential evolutionary pathways of human language. Whereas the precise varieties and capabilities of early hominid vocalizations stay largely speculative, their essential position in pre-narrative communication is plain. They signify a necessary evolutionary step in direction of the subtle language programs that outline human communication in the present day.
3. Pre-linguistic Expression
Pre-linguistic expression represents the bedrock upon which language and narrative ultimately emerged. This foundational type of communication, encompassing vocalizations, gestures, and facial expressions, predates the structured programs of phrases and grammar that characterize fashionable language. Understanding its parts supplies important insights into the evolutionary trajectory of human communication and the event of symbolic thought. Inspecting pre-linguistic expression illuminates the essential transition from fundamental emotional signaling to the advanced narratives that form human tradition and understanding.
-
Intentionality
A key attribute of pre-linguistic expression lies within the growth of communicative intent. Whereas early vocalizations or gestures might have initially been involuntary responses to stimuli, they steadily developed into deliberate makes an attempt to convey info or elicit particular reactions. A toddler reaching for a desired object, accompanied by vocalizations, demonstrates this rising intentionality. This deliberate communication, although missing linguistic construction, represents a vital step in direction of symbolic illustration and the event of language.
-
Shared Consideration
Pre-linguistic expression additionally fostered the event of shared consideration, a basic element of social cognition. The flexibility to coordinate consideration with one other particular person in direction of a typical referent varieties the idea for collaborative actions and shared understanding. Following one other’s gaze or pointing gesture demonstrates this capability for joint consideration. This shared focus, facilitated by pre-linguistic cues, performed a significant position within the growth of cooperative behaviors and the transmission of data inside early human teams.
-
Emotional Contagion
Emotional contagion, the automated mirroring of one other’s emotional state, represents one other essential side of pre-linguistic communication. The expression and notion of fundamental feelings by way of facial expressions, vocalizations, and physique language facilitated empathy and social bonding inside early human communities. A child crying in response to a different child’s cries exemplifies this phenomenon. This emotional synchrony, mediated by pre-linguistic cues, contributed to group cohesion and the event of prosocial behaviors.
-
Ritualization
The emergence of ritualized behaviors, involving patterned sequences of vocalizations and gestures, additional enriched pre-linguistic communication. These repeated patterns, usually related to particular social contexts, served as precursors to symbolic rituals and ceremonies. The rhythmic swaying and chanting noticed in some primate species supply a possible glimpse into the early growth of ritualized communication. These patterned behaviors, although missing the advanced symbolism of later rituals, might have performed a job in strengthening group id and reinforcing social norms.
These sides of pre-linguistic expression spotlight the wealthy communicative panorama that existed earlier than the appearance of spoken language. By exploring these basic components, we acquire a deeper appreciation for the evolutionary journey of human communication and the intricate interaction between biology, cognition, and social interplay within the growth of language and narrative. This basis, constructed upon shared experiences, emotional expression, and the gradual growth of symbolic illustration, finally paved the way in which for the advanced tales that form human tradition and understanding.
4. Social Cohesion
Social cohesion functioned as a vital driver within the growth of pre-linguistic communication. The necessity to coordinate actions, share sources, and defend towards threats exerted evolutionary stress in direction of more and more refined types of interplay. Contemplate, as an illustration, the coordinated searching methods of early hominids. Success relied on clear communication, even with out advanced language, achievable by way of gestures, vocalizations, and shared consideration. This collaborative exercise fostered stronger social bonds, additional reinforcing the worth of efficient communication. The survival benefit conferred by cohesive teams propelled the event of pre-linguistic communication, highlighting its adaptive significance.
The event and upkeep of social cohesion relied closely on pre-linguistic types of expression. Emotional contagion, facilitated by shared vocalizations and facial expressions, strengthened group bonds and promoted empathetic responses. Ritualized behaviors, involving patterned actions and vocalizations, bolstered social norms and fostered a way of collective id. These pre-linguistic practices, noticed in varied varieties throughout totally different primate species, underscore their basic position in social group. The bonobos use of bodily contact and vocalizations to resolve conflicts provides a compelling instance of how pre-linguistic communication contributes to social concord. These examples illustrate the intricate hyperlink between social cohesion and the event of more and more advanced communicative methods.
Understanding the interaction between social cohesion and pre-linguistic communication provides invaluable insights into the evolutionary trajectory of human interplay. The drive to attach, cooperate, and construct neighborhood performed a pivotal position in shaping the communicative panorama of early hominids. This basis, constructed upon shared experiences and the event of more and more nuanced types of expression, finally paved the way in which for the emergence of language and narrative. Recognizing the basic position of social cohesion in shaping communication supplies a deeper understanding of the human capability for cooperation and its profound impression on cultural evolution.
5. Shared Expertise
Shared expertise performed a vital position within the growth and efficacy of pre-narrative communication. Earlier than the appearance of advanced language, shared actions, resembling searching, foraging, and toolmaking, supplied a context for significant interplay. These shared experiences fostered a typical understanding of the world, facilitating communication by way of gestures, vocalizations, and emotional cues. Contemplate a bunch of early hominids engaged in a cooperative hunt. The shared purpose and coordinated actions created a context the place easy gestures and vocalizations may successfully convey essential info, resembling the placement of prey or the presence of hazard. This shared context lowered the necessity for advanced linguistic constructions, demonstrating the ability of shared expertise in facilitating early types of communication.
The significance of shared expertise extends past merely offering a context for communication. It additionally served as a catalyst for the event of symbolic thought. The repeated affiliation of particular vocalizations or gestures with shared actions or emotional states laid the muse for symbolic illustration. For instance, a particular vocalization constantly used throughout profitable hunts may ultimately develop into a symbolic illustration of the hunt itself, even within the absence of the exercise. This technique of associating which means with shared experiences represents a vital step within the transition from pre-linguistic to linguistic communication. Observing modern examples of non-human primate communication, such because the alarm calls of vervet monkeys, supplies additional insights into the position of shared expertise within the growth of symbolic communication.
Understanding the connection between shared expertise and pre-narrative communication provides invaluable insights into the evolutionary trajectory of language. It highlights the essential position of social interplay and collaborative actions in shaping the communicative panorama of early hominids. This angle underscores the significance of shared context within the growth of which means and supplies a framework for understanding the gradual emergence of symbolic illustration and complicated language. Additional investigation into the communicative practices of extant hunter-gatherer societies might supply further insights into the continuing affect of shared expertise on human communication.
6. Survival Wants
Survival wants served as a major catalyst for the event of pre-narrative communication. The crucial to seek out meals, water, and shelter, and to guard oneself from predators, drove the evolution of communicative methods inside early hominid teams. These pre-linguistic types of expression, although missing the complexity of later language, proved important for survival in difficult environments. Inspecting the interaction between survival wants and communication supplies essential insights into the selective pressures that formed the trajectory of human language.
-
Useful resource Acquisition
The acquisition of important sources, resembling meals and water, necessitated coordinated motion inside early hominid teams. Speaking the placement of meals sources, coordinating searching methods, and signaling the presence of potential threats required efficient, albeit pre-linguistic, communication. Gestures, vocalizations, and shared consideration performed essential roles in facilitating profitable foraging and searching expeditions. The effectivity of useful resource acquisition immediately impacted survival charges, putting important evolutionary stress on the event of efficient communicative methods.
-
Predator Avoidance
Predator avoidance represented one other important survival want that formed the event of pre-narrative communication. Alarm calls, warning gestures, and coordinated escape methods required environment friendly info switch inside the group. The flexibility to shortly and successfully talk the presence of a predator considerably enhanced survival charges. The event of particular vocalizations or gestures related to several types of predators, as noticed in some primate species, highlights the adaptive significance of pre-linguistic communication in predator avoidance.
-
Environmental Navigation
Navigating the atmosphere successfully posed a major problem for early hominids. Speaking the placement of water sources, appropriate shelters, and migration routes required shared understanding and efficient communication methods. Landmarks, celestial cues, and pre-linguistic indicators facilitated navigation and ensured entry to important sources. The flexibility to successfully talk environmental info contributed on to survival, significantly throughout seasonal migrations or durations of useful resource shortage.
-
Social Cooperation
Whereas not a direct environmental risk, social cooperation performed a vital position in guaranteeing survival. Negotiating social hierarchies, sharing sources, and coordinating group actions relied on efficient communication. Pre-linguistic expressions, resembling grooming behaviors, dominance shows, and appeasement gestures, facilitated social cohesion and lowered battle inside the group. Sustaining social concord inside the group maximized useful resource utilization and defensive capabilities, enhancing general survival charges.
These interconnected survival wants exerted important selective stress on the event of pre-narrative communication. The flexibility to successfully talk, even with out advanced language, immediately impacted survival charges and reproductive success. This basis, constructed upon the requirements of survival, finally paved the way in which for the emergence of extra advanced types of language and the narratives that form human tradition and understanding. Inspecting the interaction between survival wants and communication supplies a invaluable lens by way of which to know the evolutionary trajectory of human language and its profound impression on human historical past.
7. Emotional Expression
Emotional expression represents a cornerstone of pre-narrative communication. Earlier than the event of advanced language, conveying feelings relied on non-verbal cues: vocalizations, facial expressions, and physique language. Understanding the position of emotional expression on this period supplies important insights into the evolutionary trajectory of human communication and the basic human want for connection and shared expertise. Exploring its sides reveals how feelings formed early social interactions and laid the groundwork for the narratives that outline human tradition.
-
Vocalizations as Emotional Indicators
Vocalizations served as a major channel for conveying feelings earlier than structured language. Variations in pitch, depth, and rhythm communicated a spread of emotional states, from misery and alarm to contentment and pleasure. A pointy cry may sign hazard, whereas mushy cooing sounds may specific consolation or affection. These vocal cues facilitated social bonding and coordinated responses inside early hominid teams. The universality of sure emotional vocalizations throughout cultures suggests a deep-seated evolutionary foundation for this type of communication. Observing related vocalizations in non-human primates supplies additional proof of the evolutionary continuity of emotional expression.
-
Facial Expressions and Social Bonding
Facial expressions performed a significant position in conveying feelings and fostering social bonds inside early human teams. Expressions of concern, anger, pleasure, and unhappiness communicated important details about particular person states and facilitated empathetic responses. A furrowed forehead and bared enamel may sign aggression, whereas a smile may point out friendliness and receptivity. The flexibility to interpret and reply to facial expressions fostered cooperation, belief, and mutual understanding. The cross-cultural recognition of fundamental facial expressions suggests a organic foundation for this type of emotional communication.
-
Physique Language and Nonverbal Cues
Physique language, together with posture, gestures, and bodily contact, supplied one other layer of emotional expression in pre-narrative communication. A hunched posture may convey concern or submission, whereas an upright stance may sign confidence and dominance. Bodily contact, resembling grooming or embracing, may specific affection and reinforce social bonds. These nonverbal cues supplied nuanced details about emotional states and social dynamics inside the group. The usage of physique language to speak dominance hierarchies in primate societies provides a compelling instance of the social significance of nonverbal cues.
-
Ritualized Shows and Shared Emotion
Ritualized shows, involving stylized actions and vocalizations, performed a job in expressing and reinforcing shared feelings inside early hominid teams. These shows, usually related to particular social contexts, resembling courtship rituals or mourning ceremonies, fostered group cohesion and strengthened social bonds. Rhythmic chanting, synchronized actions, and shared emotional expressions created a way of collective id and facilitated emotional contagion. The ritualized shows noticed in some primate species, such because the synchronized shows of chimpanzees, supply a glimpse into the potential origins of ritualized emotional expression in people.
These sides of emotional expression spotlight the wealthy communicative panorama that existed earlier than the event of advanced language. The flexibility to convey and interpret feelings by way of non-verbal cues performed a vital position in social interplay, cooperation, and survival. This basis of emotional expression laid the groundwork for the event of empathy, social bonding, and the eventual emergence of narrative and symbolic thought. Understanding the position of feelings in pre-narrative communication supplies a deeper appreciation for the evolutionary roots of human connection and the enduring energy of emotional expression in shaping human expertise.
8. Cognitive Growth
Cognitive growth represents a vital hyperlink between pre-linguistic communication and the eventual emergence of narrative and symbolic thought. Inspecting the cognitive capacities of early hominids supplies important context for understanding the transition from fundamental emotional signaling to extra advanced types of communication. This exploration illuminates the intricate interaction between cognitive growth and the gradual emergence of “phrases earlier than time or story,” highlighting the essential position of psychological processes in shaping the trajectory of human language.
-
Symbolic Illustration
The capability for symbolic illustration marks a major cognitive leap in human evolution. This capacity to affiliate summary ideas with concrete objects, sounds, or gestures laid the muse for the event of language. Contemplate the potential use of a particular stone to signify a selected animal throughout a hunt, or a vocalization constantly paired with a particular emotional state. These early types of symbolic illustration, although rudimentary, display the emergence of summary thought and its essential position in pre-narrative communication. Observing related capacities in some non-human primates, resembling chimpanzees utilizing instruments to signify objects, provides additional insights into the evolutionary origins of symbolic thought.
-
Working Reminiscence
Working reminiscence, the power to carry and manipulate info in thoughts, performed a vital position within the growth of pre-linguistic communication. The capability to recollect sequences of gestures, vocalizations, or environmental cues facilitated coordinated actions and the transmission of knowledge inside early hominid teams. Contemplate the coordination required for a bunch hunt, the place people wanted to recollect their roles, monitor the motion of prey, and talk successfully with different hunters. The event of working reminiscence enabled more and more advanced social interactions and laid the groundwork for the structured sequences of sounds and gestures that characterize language.
-
Idea of Thoughts
Idea of thoughts, the power to attribute psychological states to oneself and others, represents one other essential cognitive growth. Understanding that others have beliefs, intentions, and views totally different from one’s personal facilitated extra nuanced communication and social interplay. Contemplate the power to anticipate one other particular person’s actions based mostly on their perceived intentions or to deceive one other particular person by manipulating their beliefs. This capability for social cognition, facilitated by concept of thoughts, performed a significant position within the growth of cooperative behaviors and the advanced social dynamics that characterize human societies.
-
Sequencing and Sample Recognition
The flexibility to acknowledge and generate patterns represents a basic cognitive talent that contributed to the event of pre-linguistic communication. Recognizing patterns in vocalizations, gestures, or environmental cues allowed early hominids to foretell occasions and coordinate their actions accordingly. Contemplate the power to acknowledge the precise vocalizations related to several types of predators or to anticipate the altering seasons based mostly on recurring environmental patterns. This capability for sample recognition, coupled with the power to generate sequences of actions or vocalizations, laid the groundwork for the structured syntax and grammar that characterize human language.
These interconnected cognitive developments spotlight the intricate relationship between psychological processes and the emergence of communication. The capability for symbolic illustration, working reminiscence, concept of thoughts, and sample recognition collectively contributed to the event of more and more refined types of pre-linguistic expression. This basis, constructed upon evolving cognitive talents, finally paved the way in which for the emergence of language, narrative, and the advanced symbolic programs that outline human tradition.
Incessantly Requested Questions
This part addresses frequent inquiries relating to pre-narrative communication, providing concise and informative responses.
Query 1: How can we research communication that predates recorded language?
Analysis depends on a number of converging traces of proof: learning the communication programs of non-human primates, analyzing the developmental phases of communication in infants, and exploring the archaeological file for potential clues about early hominid habits. Every method provides a novel perspective on the potential varieties and capabilities of pre-narrative communication.
Query 2: What proof means that early hominids engaged in pre-narrative communication?
Whereas direct proof stays scarce, the advanced social constructions and cooperative behaviors noticed within the fossil file counsel a necessity for classy communication. Moreover, the anatomical options of early hominids, such because the hyoid bone and the vocal tract, point out a capability for vocalizations past easy calls. These findings, mixed with comparative research of primate communication, assist the speculation of pre-narrative communication in early hominids.
Query 3: How did pre-narrative communication contribute to the event of language?
Pre-narrative communication supplied a vital basis for the emergence of language. Gestures, vocalizations, and shared experiences established communicative pathways and fostered the event of symbolic thought. These early types of expression laid the groundwork for the advanced programs of grammar and syntax that characterize human language.
Query 4: What are the constraints of learning pre-narrative communication?
Reconstructing communicative practices from the distant previous presents inherent challenges. The dearth of direct proof necessitates reliance on inference and interpretation, resulting in a level of uncertainty. Additional analysis, incorporating insights from various disciplines, is crucial to refine our understanding of pre-narrative communication.
Query 5: What’s the significance of learning pre-narrative communication?
Understanding pre-narrative communication provides essential insights into the evolutionary trajectory of language and the cognitive capacities of early hominids. This analysis illuminates the basic human drive to attach, share experiences, and make sense of the world. It supplies a deeper understanding of the origins of human tradition and the event of symbolic thought.
Query 6: How does the research of pre-narrative communication inform modern linguistic concept?
Insights from pre-narrative communication analysis present a broader evolutionary context for understanding the construction and performance of human language. By learning the communicative practices of our ancestors, researchers acquire a deeper appreciation for the basic ideas that underpin language acquisition, language use, and the connection between language and thought. This expanded perspective contributes to a extra nuanced and complete understanding of human language.
Inspecting pre-narrative communication provides a invaluable window into the origins of human expression. Whereas challenges stay, ongoing analysis continues to light up this significant stage in human evolution.
Additional exploration of particular facets of pre-narrative communication will observe in subsequent sections.
Sensible Purposes of Pre-Narrative Communication Insights
Understanding pre-narrative communication provides invaluable insights relevant to numerous fields. The next sensible suggestions display how these insights can improve communication and foster deeper understanding.
Tip 1: Improve Nonverbal Communication: Consciousness of pre-linguistic communication highlights the ability of nonverbal cues. Cautious consideration to physique language, facial expressions, and vocal tone can considerably enhance communication effectiveness in varied interpersonal settings. Contemplate the impression of sustaining eye contact and utilizing open postures throughout skilled interactions.
Tip 2: Facilitate Early Childhood Growth: Insights into pre-linguistic communication inform efficient methods for interacting with infants and younger youngsters. Responding attentively to pre-verbal cues, partaking in shared consideration actions, and inspiring vocalizations fosters language growth and cognitive progress.
Tip 3: Enhance Cross-Cultural Understanding: Recognizing the universality of sure emotional expressions and nonverbal cues can bridge cultural divides. Whereas particular gestures and vocalizations might fluctuate, understanding the underlying emotional intent facilitates communication and fosters empathy throughout cultures.
Tip 4: Improve Animal Communication: Rules of pre-narrative communication can enhance interactions with animals. Recognizing and responding to an animal’s vocalizations, physique language, and emotional cues fosters understanding and strengthens the human-animal bond. Contemplate the significance of decoding a canine’s posture and tail wags for efficient communication.
Tip 5: Assist People with Communication Challenges: Insights into pre-linguistic communication inform therapeutic approaches for people with communication issues. Using nonverbal communication methods, resembling gestures and visible aids, can improve communication and enhance high quality of life for people with autism or aphasia.
Tip 6: Enhance Negotiation and Battle Decision: Understanding the position of emotional expression and nonverbal cues in pre-narrative communication can improve negotiation and battle decision expertise. Recognizing and addressing the underlying emotional wants of all events concerned can facilitate productive dialogue and result in mutually useful outcomes.
Tip 7: Develop Extra Partaking Displays: Incorporating ideas of pre-narrative communication, resembling utilizing expressive gestures and ranging vocal tone, could make displays extra partaking and impactful. Connecting with the viewers on an emotional degree enhances message supply and improves viewers retention.
By incorporating these sensible suggestions, people can leverage the insights of pre-narrative communication to boost communication effectiveness, foster deeper understanding, and enhance interpersonal interactions throughout various contexts. These ideas present invaluable instruments for navigating the complexities of human interplay and constructing stronger connections.
The following conclusion will synthesize the important thing takeaways and underscore the enduring relevance of pre-narrative communication in understanding human expression and the evolution of language.
Conclusion
Exploration of pre-narrative communication reveals a wealthy tapestry of communicative methods previous structured language. From the delicate nuances of vocalizations and gestures to the advanced interaction of shared expertise and emotional expression, pre-linguistic types of communication laid the groundwork for the narratives that outline human tradition. Evaluation of cognitive growth underscores the essential position of symbolic illustration, working reminiscence, and concept of thoughts on this evolutionary journey. Survival wants, social cohesion, and the drive to share experiences propelled the event of more and more refined communicative methods, finally culminating within the emergence of language.
The legacy of pre-narrative communication extends far past its historic significance. Its ideas supply invaluable insights into the basic nature of human interplay, informing modern approaches to communication, youngster growth, cross-cultural understanding, and even animal habits. Continued investigation into pre-narrative communication guarantees to additional illuminate the intricate internet of organic, cognitive, and social components that formed the trajectory of human expression, providing a deeper appreciation for the enduring energy of communication in all its varieties. Additional analysis into the nuances of pre-linguistic expression stays essential for a complete understanding of human origins and the evolution of language itself.
