This comparability examines two outstanding rock bands: one a Canadian group identified for hits like “American Lady” and “These Eyes,” and the opposite a British band well-known for anthems comparable to “My Era” and “Baba O’Riley.” Whereas sharing a partial identify, their musical types, histories, and cultural impression differ considerably. One represents a refined, radio-friendly sound rooted in pop and rock, whereas the opposite turned synonymous with a extra aggressive, experimental rock sound that pushed boundaries and influenced generations of musicians. Understanding their distinct traits offers priceless perception into the broader panorama of rock music historical past.
Differentiating between these two bands is essential for music fans, historians, and informal listeners alike. The Canadian group emerged within the late Nineteen Sixties, reaching important industrial success with their mix of pop sensibilities and laborious rock. The British group, additionally shaped within the Nineteen Sixties, pioneered a uncooked, energetic sound and theatrical stage presence that helped outline the mod and rock opera actions. Their contrasting trajectories spotlight the various evolution of rock music throughout geographical and cultural contexts.
This exploration will delve into the particular musical traits, historic developments, and cultural affect of every band, providing a complete understanding of their particular person identities and their respective locations throughout the broader narrative of rock and roll. Key matters will embody their adolescence, musical evolution, important achievements, and lasting legacies.
1. Style
Style serves as an important differentiating issue when evaluating the 2 bands. It offers a framework for understanding their musical types, influences, and respective locations throughout the broader rock music panorama. Analyzing style distinctions illuminates the core variations between these two influential teams.
-
The Guess Who: Pop-Rock and Exhausting Rock
The Guess Who’s music is usually categorized inside pop-rock and laborious rock. Their early work leaned in the direction of storage rock and psychedelia, however they achieved mainstream success with a extra polished, radio-friendly sound incorporating components of pop. Tracks like “These Eyes” and “No Time” showcase their pop sensibilities, whereas songs like “American Lady” and “No Sugar Tonight/New Mom Nature” show a tougher rock edge. This mix of types contributed to their broad attraction.
-
The Who: Exhausting Rock, Mod, and Proto-Punk
The Who’s primarily related to laborious rock, however their music additionally encompassed components of mod, energy pop, and even proto-punk. They have been identified for his or her energetic, aggressive sound, characterised by Pete Townshend’s highly effective guitar riffs and Roger Daltrey’s uncooked vocals. Songs like “My Era” and “Baba O’Riley” exemplify their hard-driving fashion, whereas their rock opera “Tommy” showcased their experimental and theatrical strategy.
-
Style Crossovers and Evolution
Whereas each bands operated primarily throughout the rock style, they exhibited fluidity and evolution. The Guess Who’s transition from storage rock to a extra polished pop-rock sound demonstrates a responsiveness to industrial developments. The Who’s experimentation with rock opera and their affect on punk rock spotlight their revolutionary and boundary-pushing nature.
-
Impression of Style on Reception and Legacy
Style distinctions performed a major function in shaping public notion and the lasting legacy of every band. The Guess Who’s pop-rock leanings contributed to their chart success, whereas The Who’s tougher, extra experimental strategy solidified their standing as rock icons, influencing subsequent generations of musicians and shaping the evolution of rock music.
By understanding the style classifications and stylistic nuances of every band, one positive factors a deeper appreciation for his or her distinctive contributions to rock music historical past. The contrasting genres in the end replicate distinct creative visions and approaches to music making.
2. Nationality
Nationality performs a major function in shaping the identities and musical trajectories of The Guess Who and The Who. Their respective originsCanadian and Britishinfluenced their musical types, lyrical themes, and cultural impression. Understanding these nationwide contexts offers essential perception into the distinct traits that outline every band.
The Guess Who, originating in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, emerged from a vibrant native music scene. Their Canadian identification subtly permeates their music, reflecting a novel perspective distinct from their American and British counterparts. Whereas reaching worldwide success, their Canadian roots grounded their creative imaginative and prescient. That is notably evident of their later work, which often addressed Canadian social and political themes. For instance, the music “Runnin’ Again to Saskatoon” instantly references a Canadian metropolis, connecting their music to a particular geographic and cultural context.
The Who, hailing from London, England, turned deeply intertwined with British tradition. Their music mirrored the vitality and social dynamics of post-war Britain, capturing the spirit of the mod motion and later contributing to the burgeoning punk rock scene. Their British identification turned synonymous with their uncooked, rebellious sound and their theatrical stage presence, which resonated deeply with British audiences and influenced generations of British musicians. Songs like “Will not Get Fooled Once more,” with its exploration of revolution and social change, replicate a distinctly British perspective on these themes.
The contrasting nationwide identities of those two bands spotlight the various panorama of rock music and the affect of cultural context on creative expression. Recognizing these nationwide influences offers a deeper understanding of the components that formed their particular person sounds, lyrical content material, and total cultural impression. Whereas each bands achieved worldwide acclaim, their respective nationalities stay integral parts of their creative identities, contributing to the distinct and enduring legacies they carved inside rock historical past.
3. Timeline
Analyzing the timelines of The Guess Who and The Who offers essential context for understanding their respective trajectories, intervals of peak reputation, and evolving musical types. A chronological overview reveals key milestones in every band’s historical past, highlighting intervals of overlap and divergence, and in the end contributing to a extra nuanced comparability of their careers.
-
Formation and Early Years
The Guess Who’s origins hint again to Winnipeg, Canada, within the early Nineteen Sixties, present process a number of identify adjustments and lineup shifts earlier than solidifying their identification. The Who shaped in London, England, across the identical interval, additionally experiencing early lineup adjustments earlier than establishing their core members. Understanding these adolescence illuminates the distinct musical landscapes that formed every band’s preliminary sound and route.
-
Peak Recognition and Chart Success
The Guess Who achieved important worldwide success within the late Nineteen Sixties and early Nineteen Seventies, with hits like “American Lady” and “These Eyes” propelling them to chart prominence. The Who’s peak reputation spanned an extended interval, encompassing the late Nineteen Sixties and Nineteen Seventies, marked by iconic albums like “Tommy” and “Who’s Subsequent.” Evaluating their intervals of peak success reveals the evolving panorama of the music business and the cultural impression of every band.
-
Evolution of Musical Type and Experimentation
Each bands underwent stylistic shifts all through their careers. The Guess Who transitioned from storage rock and psychedelia to a extra polished pop-rock sound. The Who explored numerous genres, incorporating components of mod, energy pop, and laborious rock, and experimenting with rock opera and prolonged musical varieties. Analyzing their stylistic evolution affords insights into their creative development and responsiveness to altering musical developments.
-
Later Years and Legacies
The Guess Who skilled lineup adjustments and fluctuating reputation in later years, whereas The Who continued to tour and report, albeit with evolving lineups following the deaths of key members. Each bands left enduring legacies, influencing subsequent generations of musicians and contributing considerably to the broader historical past of rock music. Analyzing their later years and legacies reveals their lasting impression and continued relevance throughout the musical panorama.
By evaluating the timelines of The Guess Who and The Who, a clearer understanding of their particular person journeys and their respective locations inside rock historical past emerges. This chronological perspective offers a framework for analyzing their musical growth, industrial success, and enduring affect on the broader cultural panorama.
4. Key Members
Key members type the core of any musical group, driving its artistic imaginative and prescient and shaping its total identification. Within the case of The Guess Who and The Who, the distinct personalities, musical skills, and collaborative dynamics of their key members performed a pivotal function in defining their respective sounds and shaping their contrasting legacies. Understanding the contributions of those people is important for differentiating between the 2 bands and appreciating their distinctive creative contributions.
The Guess Who’s core members, notably Burton Cummings (vocals, keyboards) and Randy Bachman (guitar), exerted a major affect on the band’s musical route. Cummings’ distinctive voice and songwriting abilities contributed to their signature pop-rock sound, whereas Bachman’s guitar work offered a tougher rock edge. Their collaborative partnership, although generally fraught with rigidity, proved essential to the band’s success. The departure of Bachman in 1970 marked a turning level, resulting in a shift within the band’s sound and trajectory. This underscores the impression of key members on a band’s total identification.
The Who’s artistic nucleus, primarily Pete Townshend (guitar, songwriting) and Roger Daltrey (vocals), solid a dynamic partnership that propelled the band to iconic standing. Townshend’s revolutionary songwriting, incorporating complicated themes and experimental instrumentation, turned a defining attribute of The Who’s music. Daltrey’s highly effective vocals and charismatic stage presence additional solidified their picture as a uncooked, energetic drive. The contributions of different key members, comparable to John Entwistle (bass) and Keith Moon (drums), identified for his or her distinctive musical types and dynamic stage presence, additional distinguished The Who’s sound and solidified their place in rock historical past.
Evaluating the important thing members of The Guess Who and The Who reveals elementary variations of their creative approaches and collaborative dynamics. The Guess Who’s core duo of Cummings and Bachman generated a commercially profitable pop-rock sound, whereas The Who’s artistic drive, spearheaded by Townshend and Daltrey, produced a extra complicated, experimental, and in the end extra influential physique of labor. Analyzing the contributions of those key members offers essential perception into the distinct musical identities and contrasting legacies of those two outstanding rock bands.
5. Hit Songs
Hit songs function a defining attribute when evaluating The Guess Who and The Who. Analyzing their respective hit songs reveals not solely their stylistic variations but additionally their various ranges of economic success and cultural impression. Hit songs present a tangible measure of a band’s reference to the general public, reflecting in style tastes and developments of particular eras. Within the case of those two bands, their hit songs illuminate their contrasting approaches to music making and their distinct positions throughout the broader rock music panorama.
The Guess Who achieved important chart success with hits like “American Lady,” “These Eyes,” “No Time,” and “No Sugar Tonight/New Mom Nature.” These songs, characterised by catchy melodies, polished manufacturing, and a mix of pop and laborious rock components, resonated with a broad viewers, propelling the band to worldwide prominence. Their hit songs solidified their picture as a commercially profitable act, interesting to a mainstream viewers whereas showcasing their potential to craft memorable and radio-friendly tracks.
The Who’s hit songs, together with “My Era,” “Pinball Wizard,” “Baba O’Riley,” and “Will not Get Fooled Once more,” replicate a distinct strategy. Characterised by uncooked vitality, highly effective instrumentation, and infrequently complicated lyrical themes, their hits resonated with a extra rock-oriented viewers. Whereas reaching industrial success, their hit songs usually pushed boundaries, incorporating experimental components and showcasing the band’s revolutionary strategy to songwriting and efficiency. Their hits cemented their standing as rock icons, influencing subsequent generations of musicians and contributing to the evolution of rock music.
Evaluating the hit songs of The Guess Who and The Who reveals a elementary distinction of their creative visions and goal audiences. The Guess Who’s hits signify a commercially profitable mix of pop and rock, interesting to a broad demographic. The Who’s hits, whereas additionally commercially profitable, signify a extra experimental and boundary-pushing strategy, solidifying their standing as influential figures throughout the rock style and leaving a long-lasting impression on the broader musical panorama. Understanding the distinct traits of their respective hit songs offers an important framework for analyzing their contrasting legacies and their particular person contributions to rock music historical past.
6. Musical Type
Musical fashion serves as an important distinguishing issue when evaluating The Guess Who and The Who. Evaluation of their respective musical approaches offers priceless perception into their creative identities, influences, and total contributions to the rock music panorama. Analyzing particular sides of their musical types illuminates the core variations between these two influential teams.
-
Instrumentation and Association
The Guess Who usually employed an ordinary rock instrumentation, that includes outstanding guitars, bass, drums, and keyboards. Their preparations usually emphasised melodic hooks and catchy rhythms, contributing to their radio-friendly sound. The Who, whereas additionally using an ordinary rock setup, usually included extra experimental instrumentation and sophisticated preparations. Pete Townshend’s use of suggestions and unconventional guitar strategies, mixed with John Entwistle’s melodic bass strains and Keith Moon’s dynamic drumming, created a denser, extra layered sonic texture.
-
Vocal Supply and Harmonies
Burton Cummings’ easy, highly effective vocals and emotive supply turned a trademark of The Guess Who’s sound. Their harmonies usually emphasised a refined, pop-oriented strategy. Roger Daltrey’s uncooked, aggressive vocals, mixed with Pete Townshend’s occasional backing vocals and harmonies, contributed to The Who’s extra energetic and rebellious sound. Their vocal types replicate the distinct personalities and creative visions of every band.
-
Songwriting and Lyrical Themes
The Guess Who’s songwriting usually centered on relatable themes of affection, relationships, and on a regular basis life, contributing to their broad attraction. The Who’s lyrical content material usually explored extra complicated themes of youthful rise up, social commentary, and private introspection. Pete Townshend’s songwriting, particularly, pushed boundaries, incorporating literary influences and tackling formidable narratives, as evident of their rock opera “Tommy.”
-
Affect and Innovation
The Guess Who’s musical fashion, whereas commercially profitable, remained largely throughout the established conventions of pop-rock and laborious rock. The Who, nonetheless, pushed boundaries and experimented with varied musical varieties, influencing the event of laborious rock, energy pop, and even proto-punk. Their revolutionary use of instrumentation, songwriting, and stage presence solidified their standing as influential figures in rock music historical past.
By analyzing these sides of musical fashion, the elemental variations between The Guess Who and The Who turn into readily obvious. The Guess Who’s polished, melodic strategy contrasted sharply with The Who’s uncooked vitality and experimental nature. These stylistic distinctions in the end replicate their contrasting creative visions and their respective locations throughout the broader narrative of rock music.
7. Cultural Impression
Cultural impression, a major component when evaluating these two bands, requires examination of their affect on music, vogue, social attitudes, and broader cultural developments. One band, with its pop-rock leanings, achieved substantial industrial success and mainstream recognition, contributing to the soundscape of the late Nineteen Sixties and early Nineteen Seventies. Their music turned synonymous with a specific period, showing in movies and tv, reflecting and shaping in style tradition. Nevertheless, their impression remained largely confined to a particular interval, their affect waning in subsequent a long time.
The opposite band, identified for its tougher, extra experimental rock sound, achieved a distinct form of cultural impression. Their music turned related to youthful rise up, social change, and creative innovation. They pioneered new efficiency types, influenced vogue developments, and impressed generations of musicians. Their cultural impression prolonged past their very own time, shaping the event of subsequent rock genres and leaving an indelible mark on in style tradition. Their affect may be seen within the music, vogue, and attitudes of subsequent generations, demonstrating a long-lasting cultural significance.
The contrasting cultural impression of those two bands displays their differing musical types, goal audiences, and historic contexts. One achieved mainstream reputation and industrial success, contributing to the popular culture of a particular period. The opposite, whereas additionally commercially profitable, achieved a deeper and extra lasting cultural impression, influencing the evolution of rock music and shaping broader social and creative developments. Understanding their distinct cultural contributions offers essential insights into the dynamic relationship between music and society, and the enduring energy of rock and roll to form cultural landscapes.
8. Stage Presence
Stage presence represents an important component in differentiating The Guess Who and The Who. It encompasses the visible and performative points of a band’s dwell exhibits, influencing viewers notion and contributing considerably to a band’s total picture and impression. Analyzing stage presence offers priceless perception into the contrasting efficiency types and creative personalities of those two influential teams.
-
Visible Presentation and Costuming
The Guess Who typically adopted a comparatively typical stage presence, usually showing in customary apparel. Their visible presentation emphasised a clean-cut, skilled picture, reflecting their pop-rock leanings. The Who, conversely, cultivated a extra theatrical and dynamic visible fashion. Pete Townshend’s windmill guitar swings, Roger Daltrey’s microphone twirling, and their use of flamboyant costumes and stage props contributed to a extra visually arresting and energetic efficiency.
-
Motion and Vitality
The Guess Who’s stage presence usually concerned restricted motion and a extra static efficiency fashion. Their focus remained totally on delivering their music with precision and professionalism. The Who, nonetheless, projected an explosive vitality on stage. Their dynamic actions, mixed with their aggressive musical fashion, created a visceral and fascinating expertise for the viewers.
-
Viewers Interplay and Engagement
The Guess Who’s interplay with audiences usually concerned a extra reserved {and professional} strategy. The Who, conversely, actively engaged with their audiences, fostering a way of pleasure and participation. Their dynamic performances, mixed with their rebellious picture, resonated deeply with their followers, creating a powerful connection between band and viewers.
-
Technological Innovation and Stagecraft
The Guess Who typically utilized customary stage setups and lighting. The Who, notably of their later years, embraced technological improvements in stagecraft, incorporating elaborate lighting, pyrotechnics, and different visible results to reinforce their performances and create a extra immersive expertise for his or her audiences. This additional solidified their fame as innovators in rock efficiency.
Evaluating the stage presence of The Guess Who and The Who reveals elementary variations of their efficiency types and creative personalities. The Guess Who’s comparatively typical strategy contrasted sharply with The Who’s dynamic, theatrical, and infrequently revolutionary stage presence. These variations replicate their contrasting musical types and total creative visions, contributing to their distinct legacies inside rock historical past. The Guess Who supplied a refined, skilled efficiency, whereas The Who delivered a uncooked, energetic, and infrequently groundbreaking spectacle, shaping the way forward for rock efficiency and influencing generations of musicians to come back.
9. Evolution
Evolution, within the context of evaluating these two bands, signifies the adjustments every underwent all through their respective careers. These adjustments embody musical fashion, lineup, lyrical themes, and total creative imaginative and prescient. Analyzing the evolutionary trajectory of every band offers essential insights into their adaptability, artistic growth, and supreme legacies. The Canadian group, initially rooted in storage rock and psychedelia, transitioned in the direction of a extra polished pop-rock sound, reflecting a acutely aware effort to attain mainstream success. This evolution is clear within the shift from early tracks like “Shakin’ All Over” to later hits like “These Eyes” and “American Lady.” This stylistic shift, whereas commercially profitable, arguably restricted their creative exploration. Personnel adjustments, notably the departure of key members, additional influenced their trajectory, resulting in a discernible change of their sound and route.
The British group, in distinction, exhibited a extra dynamic and experimental evolution. Whereas sustaining a core laborious rock sound, they included components of mod, energy pop, and even proto-punk. Their evolution is marked by formidable tasks just like the rock opera “Tommy” and the experimental use of synthesizers in albums like “Who’s Subsequent.” This willingness to push boundaries and discover new musical territories solidified their standing as innovators and influenced generations of musicians. Regardless of experiencing the lack of key members, they tailored and continued to evolve, demonstrating a exceptional resilience and dedication to creative exploration. Their continued experimentation all through their profession displays a acutely aware effort to push artistic boundaries and problem typical rock music norms. This in the end led to a richer, extra numerous physique of labor and a extra enduring legacy.
Understanding the distinct evolutionary paths of those two bands illuminates not solely their particular person creative journeys but additionally broader developments inside rock music historical past. The Canadian band’s evolution displays the industrial pressures and stylistic shifts of the late Nineteen Sixties and early Nineteen Seventies. The British band’s evolution, nonetheless, signifies a extra profound creative exploration and a long-lasting impression on the event of rock music. Their respective trajectories underscore the complicated interaction between creative imaginative and prescient, industrial issues, and the ever-evolving panorama of in style music. The divergent evolutionary paths in the end contributed to the formation of two distinct legacies throughout the broader narrative of rock and roll.
Regularly Requested Questions
This part addresses frequent inquiries relating to the distinctions between the 2 bands, aiming to make clear potential misconceptions and supply concise, informative responses.
Query 1: Is there any direct relationship between the 2 bands past the similarity of their names?
No direct relationship exists. The shared partial identify is coincidental, though the Canadian band’s identify was reportedly impressed by a radio DJ’s try to create intrigue round a then-unknown native group, enjoying their music and asking listeners, “Who’re these guys? The Guess Who?”
Query 2: Did the 2 bands ever carry out collectively or collaborate musically?
No documented cases of joint performances or collaborations exist. Their profession trajectories and musical types remained largely separate.
Query 3: Which band achieved better industrial success?
Each bands achieved important industrial success, although arguably in numerous methods and at completely different instances. The Canadian band garnered appreciable chart success in a shorter, extra concentrated timeframe, whereas the British band sustained reputation and affect over an extended interval, reaching album gross sales and cultural impression that arguably surpass the previous’s industrial achievements.
Query 4: How did the bands’ respective nationwide origins affect their music?
The Canadian band’s music usually displays a North American perspective, whereas the British band’s music is deeply rooted in British tradition and the social and political local weather of post-war Britain. These differing nationwide contexts subtly formed their lyrical themes and musical types.
Query 5: Which band had a better impression on the evolution of rock music?
The British band’s experimental strategy, revolutionary instrumentation, and affect on subsequent genres like punk rock arguably place them as a extra important drive within the evolution of rock music. The Canadian band, whereas commercially profitable, adhered to extra typical rock constructions and had a much less transformative impression on the style.
Query 6: Are each bands nonetheless energetic immediately?
Each bands have skilled lineup adjustments and intervals of inactivity. Numerous iterations of the Canadian band proceed to carry out, although with out their unique key members. Following the deaths of key members, the British band has additionally seen intervals of inactivity and reformation with completely different lineups. Their present standing and touring schedules must be confirmed by official sources.
Understanding the distinct traits of every band offers priceless perception into the various panorama of rock music. Whereas the shared partial identify could trigger confusion, their musical types, cultural impression, and historic trajectories stay remarkably distinct.
Additional exploration of particular points of their musical journeys and legacies can deepen understanding and appreciation for his or her particular person contributions to rock historical past. This could embody in-depth analyses of their discographies, live performance performances, and the social and cultural contexts that formed their creative growth.
Distinguishing Between Two Influential Rock Bands
This part affords sensible steering for differentiating between the Canadian band, The Guess Who, and the British band, The Who. The following pointers facilitate correct identification and a deeper appreciation of their distinct musical identities.
Tip 1: Concentrate on Nationality: Bear in mind their origins. The Guess Who hails from Canada, whereas The Who emerged from the UK. Nationality offers a elementary level of differentiation.
Tip 2: Acknowledge Key Members: Affiliate Burton Cummings and Randy Bachman with The Guess Who, and Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey with The Who. Recognizing key members helps set up clear distinctions.
Tip 3: Establish Signature Sounds: The Guess Who leans in the direction of a refined pop-rock sound, exemplified by “American Lady.” The Who delivers a uncooked, energetic rock sound, epitomized by “My Era.” Distinguishing their signature sounds aids in fast identification.
Tip 4: Contemplate Style Nuances: The Guess Who primarily occupies the pop-rock and laborious rock spheres. The Who spans laborious rock, mod, and proto-punk. Understanding style nuances offers deeper perception.
Tip 5: Contextualize Their Timelines: The Guess Who’s peak reputation occurred within the late 60s and early 70s. The Who sustained prominence all through the 60s and 70s and past. Contemplating their timelines helps place them inside particular historic contexts.
Tip 6: Analyze Lyrical Content material: The Guess Who’s lyrics usually deal with relatable themes of affection and relationships. The Who’s lyrics delve into extra complicated themes of rise up and social commentary. Analyzing lyrical content material illuminates their distinct creative visions.
Tip 7: Observe Stage Presence: The Guess Who usually presents a extra typical stage presence. The Who’s famend for dynamic, energetic performances. Observing stage presence offers visible cues for differentiation.
Making use of the following tips allows correct identification and fosters a deeper understanding of the distinct musical contributions of every band. Recognizing these key variations permits one to understand the person legacies of those two influential teams throughout the broader historical past of rock music.
The next conclusion synthesizes the important thing distinctions between the bands and reinforces their particular person contributions to the rock music panorama.
The Guess Who vs The Who
This exploration has highlighted the numerous distinctions between the Canadian band, The Guess Who, and the British band, The Who. Whereas a shared partial identify could initially counsel similarity, their musical types, cultural impression, and historic trajectories diverge significantly. The Guess Who, identified for hits like “American Lady,” carved a distinct segment throughout the pop-rock and laborious rock panorama, reaching notable industrial success within the late Nineteen Sixties and early Nineteen Seventies. Their music, characterised by polished manufacturing and catchy melodies, resonated with a broad viewers. The Who, famend for anthems like “My Era,” exerted a extra profound and lasting affect on rock music. Their experimental strategy, uncooked vitality, and exploration of complicated themes cemented their standing as innovators and pioneers, shaping subsequent genres and provoking generations of musicians. Their dynamic stage presence and willingness to push boundaries additional solidified their iconic standing.
Understanding the distinctions between these two bands offers essential perception into the various and evolving nature of rock music. Recognizing their particular person contributionsThe Guess Who’s industrial success inside established rock conventions and The Who’s transformative impression and enduring legacyenriches appreciation for the broader historical past of the style. Additional exploration of their particular person discographies, efficiency types, and cultural contexts affords a deeper understanding of their respective locations throughout the wealthy tapestry of rock and roll. This comparative evaluation serves as a place to begin for continued exploration and appreciation of their distinct musical journeys and enduring contributions to music historical past.